This is currently a text synopsis of the freezes on December 20th, December 31st 2000 - Jan. 1st 2001, and Jan. 5th. Updates for the freezes of 1/7 and 1/10 were just added at the bottom of the previous text.

On 12/19/00 the weather was mostly cloudy and unseasonably cool. Misty rain began in early afternoon and continued uninterrupted for nearly two hours. Immediately following the rain, the wind picked up with gusts in excess of 30 MPH mainly out of the SW. The skies rapidly cleared an hour before sunset, the wind remained strong and eventually began to shift north, coming mainly from the NW most of the evening. Temperatures dropped quickly, from a high in the mid-50s to near freezing by midnight. At approximately 4am my low was 31F degrees. There was a gradual decline until about 7am where the low for the freeze was recorded as 26.5F in the open, 27.5F under oak canopy and immediately adjacent to the house. Two hours AFTER sunrise the temperature was still well below freezing, normally the temp will rise to or above 32F within an hour of sunrise. At approximately 11am the temp was recorded at 33F, a total of 7 hours at or below freezing at least half of which was spent after sunrise, easily the most remarkable feature of this particular freeze. It is quite possible that the vast majority of foliar damage to the palms was rendered during these post-sunrise hours. The following evening near freezing temps were predicted but a small front from the NE came in, pushing the colder temps westward and slightly south. The low temp for this evening hovered around 33-34F for about 4 consecutive hours before ascending up into the high 30s by sunrise. As best as I can surmise no palms were damaged or further damaged by the 2nd evenings cold which was a classic radiational cooling, the type that has historically caused the most damage to my palm garden. So with that in mind I will focus on what happened during the 1st nights cold, which was a classic case of an advective freeze (a strong cold front entering the area w/ wind and quick temperature drop under freezing level). This was easily the coldest and most damaging advective freeze in my eight winters here and it turned out to be a terrific learning experience. For instance I was able to discern some palms species are much more tolerant of advective cold and its accompanying wind than of radiational cold and the accompanying frost. And some palms that are easily or severely damaged by radiational cold were not damaged at all by advective cold. By comparing data from the past with this latest freeze I was also able to discover some palm species that have the opposite reaction (damaged easily by advective cold but not radiational). I think this is important information as it can help dictate in the future what palms should be protected and what palms can be left alone under certain conditions. All of the palms were fertilized with a 13-3-13 Lesco product in late November. None of the palms were covered or protected in any way. The following is a list of palms in my garden and what if any damage they received during the freeze.

DEAD
Heterospathe elata (small sdlg. under 2 ft. overall)
Livistona speciosa (small sdlg. w/ first 4 leafs)
Oncosperma tigillarium (small sdlg. w/ first 6 leafs)
NOTE: All three palms were in containers. None of these palms are surprises save the Livistona, which originates from somewhat high elevations and thus was presumed to possess some or slight tolerance to cold. The others are zone 10B palms at best.

SEVERE LEAF BURN (in excess of 66% foliage burn) or TOTAL DEFOLIATION
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (10 ft overall) all petioles and spear remain green, most all leaflets have browned-out, no doubts about recovery, it has survived freezes much worse than this and is usually damaged or defoliated nearly every winter. It is situated in the open on NE corner. An undamaged 11-ft. Screw Pine (Pandanus utilis) is immediately to its left.

Roystonea regia (11 ft overall) all petioles and spear remain green, about 80-90% of leaflets have browned-out; at this time recovery not in doubt. This palm is situated in open full sun location on SE side of house.

MODERATE LEAF BURN (33-66% foliar damage)
NOTE: all three of these palms are located in the same location, the east side of the house out in open full sun. I am almost positive their respective damage occurred during the later hours of this freeze.

Corypha utan (8 ft overall) 3 of the newest 4 fronds were completely damaged, the remaining six leafs are completely undamaged. The healthy fronds have also maintained their green color through this cold and are not exhibiting any of the yellowish nutrient deficient tendencies of past winters.

Dypsis decaryi (16 ft overall) this a bit of a surprise, has always weathered the radiational cold very well. Damage was late in showing up (4-5 days) later. Total frond count is 18, some are showing no or very little damage but most have been damaged around 50% at worst.. A spear is beginning to open less than a week later, the palm is already in recovery mode.

Bismarckia nobilis (5.5 ft overall) this one a big shocker and huge disappointment to me as I have had two other specimens planted for years that are never damaged even by lower temps and worse conditions. Those two palms were not damaged by this cold either. The damage on this palm is confined to 4 of the 7 fronds including the newest 3. Two things come to mind w/ this particular palm, the always-real possibility of genetic variation and damage caused by wind. The damage on the fronds is not entire; each leaf is about 50% undamaged but damaged nonetheless. The Corypha palm is planted within 10 ft of this Bismarckia and it shows nearly the EXACT same frond damage right down to 3 of the newest 4 fronds being burned. For the record I left out over ten 3-gal Bismarckia in containers as well as about 20 palms w/ their first leaf in citrus liners. None of these smaller palms and seedlings has displayed any damage. The damaged palm was not grown from seed so its lineage is unknown to me.

MINOR DAMAGE (under 33% foliar burn)
Caryota mitis (15 ft overall) damage is basically confined to several of the tallest and most exposed fronds, those fronds are not defoliated but burned over 50%. The remainder of this specimen (described as 3 tall stems and half dozen smaller stems growing below main crown) is basically undamaged despite being located in open unprotected area on NW corner (right into the teeth of any oncoming cold). Some slight yellowing has occurred on some tips/leaflets.

Syagrus sancona (9 ft overall) damage confined to the tallest (and most exposed) frond barely reaching over the roofline; its tips are browned-out slightly, no other damage. Palm is located within 10 ft of the severely damaged Spindle Palm.

Archontophoenix maxima (9 ft overall) again damage confined to the tallest and most exposed frond just past roofline, some spotting and brown tips but no other damage. This palm is located in between the more damaged Triangle palm and Spindle Palm.

Elaeis guineensis (10 ft overall) damage confined to some of the uppermost fronds and outer portions of several older horizontal fronds. No surprise here this palm is damaged each winter but easily grows out of it. Located on SW corner of house in open full sun.

Syagrus amara (7 ft overall) located adjacent to Elaeis palm, showing damage to upper 2 fronds only, slight browning and spotting nearest tips, no other damage.

Attalea butyracea (1.5 ft overall) small palm, damaged confined to newest leaf only; it had just opened several days prior to freeze.

Syagrus X costae, a hybrid of coronata / oleracea (13 ft. overall) always damaged by any freeze, this time very minor tip burn to some outer edges of a few fronds, the least damage it has shown from any freeze

Veitchia macdanielsii = arecina (3 ft overall) this palm is in a 10-gal pot, shaded underneath a damaged but not nearly defoliated Strelitzia nicolai. Damage is mainly just spotting on a few leafs, there is no damage at all to an equally sized potted Veitchia montgomeryana = arecina located only a few feet away. Several 5-gallon Adonidia merrillii located underneath a Washingtonia palm were undamaged.

Gaussia maya - 5.5 ft., partially shaded by tallest Bismarckia, one frond showed latent cold damage
(over 1 week later)

Other severely damaged / defoliated plants include: Allamanda vines, Bougainvillea vine, Alocasia (elephant ear), potted Crown-Of-Thorns, some 3 ft Heliconia stalks (next to an undamaged Majesty Palm), an unspecified native or naturalized Ginger, Brugmansia (Angels Trumpet), and last but not least my favorite Tomato vine still holding onto dozens of unripe tomatoes.

UNDAMAGED PALMS
NOTE: I am growing plenty of typical zone 9 palms and will leave them off the list. Some palms covered below although more than suitable for most of central Florida can or are considered by some to be a bit risky; therefore they are included here.

SW corner under Laurel Oak canopy
Syagrus botryophora - 6 ft., partially shaded
Archontophoenix alexandrae - 7 ft.
Livistona fulva - 2 ft., partially shaded
Euterpe edulis - 8 ft.
Arenga pinnata - 6 ft.
Chamaedorea glaucifolia - 2.5 ft.
Arenga caudata - 5 ft.
Howea forsteriana - 4 ft., potted

West side in open full sun
Copernicia alba - 4 ft.
Coccothrinax argentata - 3 ft.
Livistona nitida - 1.5 ft.
Syagrus coronata - 3 ft.
Gastrococos crispa - 1 ft.
Dypsis decipiens - 1.5 ft.
Phoenix rupicola - 6 ft.
Copernicia prunifera - 6 ft.
Phoenix loureirii var. humilis - 3 ft.

NW side partial shade from citrus, mostly full sun
Ravenea rivularis - 7 ft.
Borassus aethiopum - 1.5 ft.
Coccothrinax borhidiana - 10-gal. pot, 1 ft.
Coccothrinax inaguensis - 10-gal. pot, 2.5 ft.
Acrocomia aculeata - 2 ft.
Thrinax radiata - 2 ft.
Syagrus picrophylla - 2 ft.
Kerriodoxa elegans - 1.5 ft.
Dypsis crinita - 1 ft.
Dypsis ankaizinensis - 2 ft.
Ravenea xerophila - 1.5 ft.
Livistona victoriae - sdlg., first 5 leafs
Wallichia densiflora - sdlg., first 5 leafs
Trachycarpus latisectus - 1 ft.

North side - conditions noted
Livistona jenkinsiana - 1 ft. shaded
Caryota himalayana - 1.5 ft. shaded
Guihaia argyrata - 2 ft. shaded
Syagrus vagans - 1 ft. mostly full sun
Hyphaene coriacea - 6 ft. full sun
Attalea humilis - sdlg. w/ 5 leafs, mostly shaded
Allagoptera arenaria - 4 ft. fruiting palm, open full sun
Thrinax parviflora - 3 ft., a.m. sun, shaded in afternoon

East side in open full sun unless noted
Coccothrinax crinita - 1.5 ft.
Thrinax morrissii - 5.5 ft.
Coccothrinax miraguma - 1 ft. shaded under Philodendron selloum
Wodyetia bifurcata - 10 ft.
Pseudophoenix sargentii - 6 ft.
Coccothrinax argentata - 4.5 ft.
Chamaedorea stolonifera - 3 ft., shaded next to house
Chamaedorea cataractarum - 3 ft., shaded next to house
Chamaedorea metallica - 2.5 ft., shaded next to house
Geonoma schottiana -1 ft.
Chuniophoenix nana - potted sdlg. first 4 leafs
Chuniophoenix hainanensis - potted sdlg. first 5 leafs
Brahea brandegeei - 3 ft.
Trithrinax campestris - 1 ft.
Copernicia macroglossa - 1ft.
Copernicia yarey - 1 ft.
Copernicia gigas - 1 ft.
Livistona rigida - 7 ft.
Sabal yapa - 3.5 ft.
Borassus aethiopum - 1 ft.

South side in full sun unless noted
Livistona mariae - 7.5 ft.
Trithrinax brasiliensis - 2.5 ft.
Copernicia baileyana - 1.5 ft.
Copernicia glabrescens - 1 ft.
Cryosophila stauracantha - 2 ft., shaded under P.reclinata
Schippia concolor - 3 ft. partially shaded under P.reclinata
Coccothrinax jamaicensis - 4 ft.
Medemia argun - 1.5 ft.
Thrinax morrissii - 6.5 ft.
Veitchia winin - 7 ft., shaded under tallest Bismarckia; some slight damage to a new frond that opened a day before the freeze
Licuala spinosa - 4 ft. shaded under tallest Bismarckia
Areca triandra - 6 ft., shaded under tallest Bismarckia
Zombia antillarum - 1.5 ft., shaded under tallest Bismarckia
Beccariophoenix madagascariensis - 9ft., partially shaded next to house, tip burn on 1 frond
Sabal mauritiiformis - 10 ft., partially shaded next to house, some tip burn to 2 upper fronds
Thrinax excelsa - 1.5 ft., partially shaded under Elaeis
Bismarckia nobilis - 16 ft. and 10 ft.

CYCADS
There was no damage to any of my cycads, the list follows:
Dioon edule - mature coning specimens and 1-gallon sdlgs.
Ceratozamia mexicana - shaded under oak
Zamia fischeri - mature coning M and F plants, shaded by citrus trees
Encephalartos manikensis - potted 3-gallon under shadeclothe
Zamia inermis - 4 one gallon specimens under shadeclothe
Ceratozamia hildae - 3 juvenile plants and 3 one-gallon plants in partial shade
Lepidozamia peroffskyana - juvenile, about 3 ft. overall, shaded under Washingtonia palm
Dioon spinulosum - juvenile, about 3 ft. overall, mostly shaded
Ceratozamia kuesteriana - mature coning M and F plants, partial shade
Cycas media - juvenile about 1.5 ft. overall, partially shaded under P.canariensis
Cycas taitungensis - juvenile about 1.5 ft. overall
Zamia encephalartoides - very small about 1 ft.
Cycas angulata - juvenile 2 ft. overall
Cycas thouarsii - juvenile about 3 ft. overall, partially shaded under Wodyetia palm
Cycas panzhiouensis - juvenile about 2 ft. overall
Encephalartos ferox - juvenile about 4 ft. overall, partially shaded by Bismarckia palm
Ceratozamia latifolia - juvenile about 2 ft. overall, shaded
Cycas rumphii - mature 9 ft. female
Zamia furfuracea = maritima ??? - mature coning male, in open full sun, always defoliates or shows severe damage from any frost but is apparently very tolerant of advective cold!



RESULTS OF BACK-TO-BACK FREEZES ON DEC. 31st - JAN. 1st

12/31/00
Dropped to 32F at approximately 2:30am, reached 33F at approximately 9:30 am for a total of 7 hours below freezing. The low temp was 27.5 in the open, 28 next to the house & under small area of oak canopy sheltered from wind by a shed. Temps stayed below 30F for almost 4 consecutive hours. This freeze although the exact same time length below freezing as the one on 12/19 was not nearly as intense. No frost due to 10-15 mph winds out of NW most of the night. The low was 1 degree higher than on 12/19. The main difference was the tail end, temps warmed to above freezing shortly after complete sunrise while on 12/19 the temps stayed at or around 30F for over 3 hours after sunrise.

01/01/01
Dropped to 32F at approximately 1:30am, reached 33F at approximately 8:30 am for a total of 7 hours below freezing. The overall low temp for the freeze was 29F in the open as well as under small oak canopy. Temps stayed at or below 30F for about two hours tops, so damage was relatively light from this evening but some significant frost formed on some of the plants. This freeze was a classic radiational cooling, where a lack of significant wind and virtually no cloud cover allows the heat built up during the day to escape into open skies instead of remaining somewhat trapped in by cloud cover and wind movement. The temperatures during radiational freezes are often of shorter duration and a higher overall low temp. But the lack of air movement allows frost to form on the palm's foliage which if present for only a few hours can have a devastating effect.

The following is a list of damaged palms only:

Wodyetia bifurcata: finally - I was wondering if this palm had not turned into something else, this is easily the best it has ever performed under any type of freezing conditions. There are plenty of palms that show a demonstrable increase in cold hardiness once up to a decent size, perhaps that will be a trait of this particular species. Usually damaged at 29F or below this palm withstood a 26F low w/out damage, and even now after 2 consecutive freezes it shows only some minor spotting on a few older fronds.

Ravenea rivularis: again, another palm which has always been damaged by just about any freeze had no damage from the 26F low on 12/19 and after two consecutive freezing nights has only some minor spotting on a few fronds.

NOTE: I consider the above specimens to prime examples of the virtues of Fall Fertilizing, something I have previously written about and can be found towards the bottom of the Cold Tolerance Info webpage.

Corypha utan: damage began to appear after 24 hrs, usually it appears almost instantly; this specimen has tried to hang in there and were it a more normal cold winter it probably would look almost perfect. But after some moderate damage on 12/19 it has now lost nearly all of the remaining six (of the original 9) fronds. There is some green on each damaged frond, much more so than in the past but by winter's end I am sure it will have defoliated once more. Fortunately this palm is fast grower during the summer and will have a decent canopy by the end of Nov. 2001 - only to be fried off again the following winter!

Veitchia winin: I am not even going to try explaining this - some things should just be I guess; maybe my reward for sweating bullets the past few weeks. Damage confined to the newest frond (only around the tips), which began to open a few days after the 12/19 freeze. This palm is underneath my largest Bismarckia thus slightly shaded and somewhat protected; nevertheless quite an accomplishment in its own right.

Arenga caudata: a dainty, thin multi-stemmed palm; some spotting and tip burn appeared on several fronds after the 27F low on 12/30. This palm is partially shaded by a Laurel Oak thus no frost damage was incurred on 12/31.

Of the previously damaged palms from 12/19 not covered above Gaussia maya, Archontophoenix maxima, Syagrus sancona, Syagrus amara and Attalea butyracea show no additional damage from these freezes.

Hyophorbe verschaffeltii & Roystonea regia: nothing left to damage, spear is still green along with a few leaflets here & there

Dypsis decaryi: seemingly no further damage as yet, the 12/19 freeze effectively damaged 2/3 of a 16-frond canopy. More pronounced browning is expected as the cold weather continues. This palm began opening a new leaf on 12/26. It was not fully opened by 12/30 and as of now remains undamaged in any way.

Bismarckia nobilis: no further damage was found on the previously damaged specimen, it retained its three (out of a previous seven) healthy fronds through the 2-day freeze. All other specimens including the two large in-ground palms, several 3-gallon palms and over a dozen 1-leaf seedlings were unfazed by these latest events.

Caryota mitis: for the 3rd consecutive winter it has performed admirably; very little additional damage occurred over the last 2 freezes, however the overall appearance has diminished significantly, a more yellowish color is noticeable on most all of the upper, more exposed fronds.

Elaeis guineensis: approximately 25% of the canopy was damaged on 12/19, nearly all of the remainder has been torched save a few fronds. This palm is always severely damaged/defoliated during nearly any freeze; its best performance was during 12/19's advective cold, the same cold from 12/30 did not seem to add to it but the frost from 12/31 has damaged the canopy to about 80-90%.

Syagrus X costae (hybrid): only tip burns appeared from 12/19, another best performance ever for this specimen; cold from 12/30 showed some definite frond spotting the following day. The frost from 12/31 finished off about 33% of the canopy. This is easily the best it has ever looked after any freeze(s).

Sabal mauritiiformis & Beccariophoenix madagascariensis: both planted next to each other on a south facing wall, formerly protected by the largest Bismarckia but now both palms are barely reaching past the roofline. Some tip burn and very minor spotting has appeared on several fronds, nothing was noted after 12/19. I am unsure as to whether cold or frost caused this, most likely a combination of the two.

Dypsis decipiens, Gastrococos crispa and Livistona nitida all showed some burst cells inside several leafs on the morning of 12/31 (heavy frost). These cells appeared as small dark blotches mainly on the adaxial (upper) sides of the fronds. The coloring of these fronds has returned to normal but this is an indicator of possible unsuitability for this climate/area. But on their side is the fact they are small palms, bound to increase a bit in hardiness as they age. Potted 3-gallon Acrocomia aculeata showed some curled in leaflets, no spotting.

Lastly a cycad was finally damaged; try as it might to stay green Zamia furfuracea/maritima was damaged by the frost on 12/31. Cold advective lows seemed not to faze this plant, but frost almost always damages the foliage, in this case at least 50% of the leafs are fully cooked -but 50% are not!

Glancing through the list of undamaged palms from 12/19 and combining that information w/ the list from 12/30-31 the following is a Surprise Sampling of what is now totally undamaged from the three separate freezes:

Syagrus: botryophora, picrophylla
Euterpe edulis (under oak canopy)
Phoenix rupicola
Copernicia: prunifera, baileyana, gigas, macroglossa, yarey
Ravenea xerophila
Livistona jenkinsiana
Thrinax morrissii
Pseudophoenix sargentii
Chamaedorea stolonifera (protected next to house)
Geonoma schottiana (protected next to house)
Chuniophoenix nana & hainanensis (protected next to house)
Medemia argun
Areca triandra (under Bismarckia canopy)
Licuala spinosa (under Bismarckia canopy)
Coccothrinax: argentata, crinita
Schippia concolor (under P.reclinata canopy)
Cryosophila stauracantha (under P.reclinata canopy)

The list above can be checked back with the list from 12/19. If a palm is on the 12/19 undamaged list and I did not list here you can safely assume it has remained undamaged from these freezes as well.



A RECORD (for me) 4th FREEZE IN ORLANDO
The previous night's cold w/ a low of 33-34F for four consecutive hours ushered in another in an unprecedented continuous cold wave to steam roll over central Florida. This night there was no cloud cover and no wind thus ripe conditions for a radiational freeze of damaging proportions. The temperatures moderated over nightfall, it did not drop to 32f until approximately 5am. The low was 28f at 7:30am, reached 32f at 8am for a total of only 3 hours below freezing but all unprotected plant material was covered with a thick, icy frost. Only plants well underneath a canopy of overhead vegetation were spared. At 7am I went outside to try to wash off some of the frost, hearing it would help prevent damage. No such luck for some palms, dark blotches of freeze damaged cells were apparent on many palms including Trachycarpus fortunei and Livistona decipiens, two palms renowned for their cold-hardiness in our region.

DAMAGED PALMS
Thrinax morrissii: both never ever damaged in any type of cold before this, had dark blotches of frost damage to their foliage. Several days later these blotches have faded somewhat, and are now small thin streaks of dark green running through the leafs.

Hyphaene coriacea: frost damage to several fronds along the outer edges, nothing serious

Livistona decipiens: one of two palms has the dark streaks left over ala the above T.morrissii

Wodyetia bifurcata: canopy damaged approximately 50% from frost

Archontophoenix maxima: canopy maybe 33% damaged from frost

Veitchia winin: despite under canopy of largest Bismarckia frost damage/latent cold damage has occurred to nearly 75% of canopy; still remarkable that any green foliage is left.

Ravenea rivularis: somewhat shielded from rising sun the frost damaged about 33% of the canopy

Arenga pinnata: a 6 ft. tall specimen planted just at the edge of an oak canopy shadow has suffered some minor spotting and fading on each of its 4 fronds.

Dypsis decipiens: I am beginning to have serious doubts to the validity of these much-hyped palm's cold-hardiness. However on their side is the fact that both palms are still very small sized. One of two palms showed some slight frost damage, the thin dark blotches have faded somewhat since the freeze.

The continual cold has taken its toll on various other species, the foliage of Arenga caudata, Caryota mitis, Syagrus amara and S.sancona are becoming more and more chlorotic. Even the outer edges of Syagrus romanzoffiana are tattered and faded, showing the battle scars that an unrelenting cold can reveal. Anything that was nearly defoliated before this latest frost has been finished off, not dead but with no remaining healthy foliage to help carry it through the remaining winter days.

In spite of all the gloom and doom there are some success stories: the Dypsis decaryi that was severely damaged on 12/20 has held its own, damage has remained close to the original estimation of 67%. Planted right next to it is a nearly undamaged (but slightly yellowing) Pandanus utilis (Screw Pine). Also the two largest Bismarckia palms are completely 100% undamaged in any way. Underneath or beside them: still green Areca triandra and Beccariophoenix madagascariensis. Underneath a slight oak canopy are undamaged Euterpe edulis and Syagrus botryophora. Some of the best stories are the Caribbean palms. Pseudophoenix sargentii was covered w/ frost yet did not develop one leaf spot. Several small individual specimens of Copernicia baileyana, yarey, gigas and macroglossa are completely undamaged. Pre-fruiting juvenile specimen Coccothrinax argentata and crinita are also equally undamaged. Recently planted Attalea humilis and speciosa are also as green now as they would been in their respective native habitats. This may sound like blasphemy coming from a Florida palm grower but just maybe slow growth is a good thing!


January 7th, 2001 - A record (for me) 5th Freeze

TEMPERATURE READINGS
32f @ 3am, 29f @ 4am, 32f @ 8am = 5 hrs below freezing.

This freeze was totally unannounced and was not forecast by local weather personnel. An extremely heavy frost (by far the worst of this winter) blanketed nearly any exposed foliage. I had left out lots of "tender" potted palms assuming that the forecasters knew something about their jobs - wrong! So a lot of it was unnecessarily damaged: Cyrtostachys renda, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Elaeis guineensis, Astrocaryum all heavily damaged, Astrocaryum possibly dead. Some major spotting on Adonidia merrillii, Carpentaria, Ptychosperma (all under canopy/shadeclothe).

As for in ground palms there is now additional foliar damage to Hyphaene coriacea, Thrinax parviflora, Attalea butyracea, Veitchia winin, Arenga pinnata & A.caudata (both under an oak canopy edge), Syagrus sancona & S.amara; new damage to Syagrus coronata and Phoenix rupicola.



January 10th 2001 - A record (for me) 6th Freeze

low of 32f for 2 consecutive hrs. (4am - 6am). No new damage noted. I'm not even sure I can count this one. Anything that could have been damaged by this cold has already been hammered by previous cold.



LATENT COLD DAMAGE (observed by 1/19/00)

SPOTTING ON A FEW FRONDS ONLY
Pseudophoenix sargentii
Syagrus picrophylla
S.botryophora (both Syagrus species are very new plantings, not yet fully established)
Ravenea rivularis: easily the best it has ever performed
Chamaedorea stolonifera
Coccothrinax argentata (possibly a hybrid, not sure as to positive ID yet)

The following palms are located in between the south wall of my home & the largest Bismarckia. Now weeks later the cold/frost had penetrated into this microclimate.
Areca triandra (cold damage to some upper fronds)
Zombia antillarum (spotting a few fronds)
Gaussia maya (frost damage to two fronds)
Beccariophoenix madagascariensis (tip burn)
Sabal mauritiiformis (tip burn)


MAJOR FOLIAR DAMAGE (over 50% - but not defoliation)
Hyphaene coriacea: many undamaged fronds
Wodyetia bifurcata: some green left near the stem/petioles, about 2/3 of canopy damaged, the best it has ever performed
Thrinax parviflora: about 80-90% damaged
T.radiata: about 50% damaged
Veitchia winin: about 80-90% damaged
Syagrus amara: all fronds damaged about 75%
S.sancona: damage to several fronds, some are o.k.
Dypsis decaryi: canopy is about 75% damaged

DEFOLIATED
Elaeis guineensis
Roystonea regia = elata
Arenga pinnata
Corypha utan (but hung in longer than it normally has in the past)
Attalea butyracea: some green left on newest frond only
And lastly the smallest (5 ft. overall) of 3 Bismarckia nobilis. NOTE: other specimens (17 ft. & 12 ft. overall) including potted seedlings are o.k.